The file is likely encrypted; thus, you cannot find it in the phone folder. You cannot get the timeline history from Google Takeout (accessible from Google Maps) since the data is no longer there.

The answer is in the Phone Settings instead of the Google Maps application (at least on Samsung Phones—possibly other Android Phones). Go to Settings—Location—Timeline—Export Timeline Data. You will need to define the target directory and select the Download folder. You will get Timeline.JSON in the Download folder.

It is up to you to proceed this file but you can take a peek using Notepad.