I see this question is from 2022, but given that this still a relevant issue depending on what years of data you are trying to work with...

To use Tiger data from 2023 onward, you must use PostgreSQL v 16+. To use Tiger data from 2022 backward, use an earlier version of PostgreSQL.

As you note, the column definitions changed in a way that breaks the relevant geospatial extensions. The version of PostgreSQL you are using will impact which version of PostGIS and related extensions get installed. In particular, there are PostGIS docker images out there based on prior (< 16) versions of PostgreSQL, and they will produce exactly the error seen above.

I might recommend looking on dockerhub for an image I published under "therapeuticyoga/postgis-osm-geo-route-amd" that is compatible with TIGER 2023+ data.