When I updated from 11.5 to 12.4, similar things occurred: cache clearing not possible, upgrade wizard and database compare the same, but no hint in the error logs. BUT: I have a sitepackage extension, which have had unsuitable things in it, please see https://docs.typo3.org/m/typo3/reference-coreapi/main/en-us/ExtensionArchitecture/BestPractises/ConfigurationFiles.html