If I am reading your question right, this can be done easily with Quarto's custom cross-reference syntax. Read that link for more details on this functionality. For example as a PDF:

---
format: pdf
crossref:
  custom:
    - key: hyp
      kind: float
      reference-prefix: Hypothesis
      latex-env: hypothesis # This is required if you are using PDF format
---

This is some text prior to our custom cross-reference.

::: {#hyp-test}

## My Research Question

I hypothesize that A will cause B

:::

This is some text after the cross-reference, see @hyp-test above

Produces the following document: