What I ended up having to do was refactor my usage of the FusedLocationProviderClient to make use of the intervals, and stick everything in a foreground service (as opposed to a Worker). The service starts when the user logs in, and runs continuously, and stops when they log out.

This seems to work fine for the most part, but becomes unreliable when the user selects "Only this time" when requesting location data. I will ask this in a separate question, however.