I managed to fix the issue by following these steps:

1. Shut down the application server (I was running it with npx expo start, so I just used Ctrl-C)
2. Clean the NPM cache with npm cache clean --force
3. Remove the node_modules folder (rm -fr node_modules in the project root), and also delete package-lock.json
4. Reboot your computer (this was a necessary step for me)
5. Open the project and do npm install.

After following these steps, I was able to run my app again!