Self answer!

The issue was resolved by downgrading Kafka to version 3.8.x. According to the release notes for Kafka 3.9.0, the SystemTime class was changed to a singleton, and instead of creating an instance with new SystemTime();, it was modified to obtain the instance by calling the SystemTime.getSystemTime(); method.

However, the latest version of Kafka Connect JDBC(v10.8.0) initializes the field with time = new SystemTime();, which caused the error.

I have created an issue on the Kafka Connect JDBC GitHub.

Here are the relevant links:

https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/KAFKA-16879

https://github.com/apache/kafka/pull/16266

https://github.com/apache/kafka/blob/trunk/clients/src/main/java/org/apache/kafka/common/utils/SystemTime.java

https://github.com/confluentinc/kafka-connect-jdbc/blob/master/src/main/java/io/confluent/connect/jdbc/source/JdbcSourceTask.java