Thanks for finding out the properties - since I had some trouble to set these preference in Java here is a working example for anyone who is interested in:

ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();

// Create a Map to hold the preferences
Map<String, Object> devtoolsPreferences = new HashMap<>();
devtoolsPreferences.put("currentDockState", "\"undocked\""); //or bottom - thats what I needed
devtoolsPreferences.put("panel-selectedTab", "\"console\"");

// Add the devtools preferences to ChromeOptions
options.setExperimentalOption("prefs", Map.of("devtools.preferences", devtoolsPreferences));

// Initialize the WebDriver with ChromeOptions
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(options);