After many attempts, I found the issue. The problem lies in the configuration of angular.json.

"@angular-devkit/build-angular:application" - does not work "@angular-devkit/build-angular:browser" - works correctly

Note: Changing this requires slight modifications to other parameters.|

From what I’ve read, using the browser builder means losing the ability to use SSR and Prerender. For now, I don’t need these features. I’m leaving this note here in case someone else struggles with the same issue.

If anyone manages to find a solution for "@angular-devkit/build-angular:application", I’d appreciate the info.