I'm working on this recently.
If you need real query execution. You need to replace expo-sqlite with sqlite3 of nodejs because the Jest runs on your machine but mobile device.
I'm trying to create wrapper of sqlite3 as expo-sqlite.
You don't need all wrapper but expo-sqlite and sqlite3 has very different API but could be wrapped for test because sqlite3 module just doesn't have Promise APi and do not provide same API style.