You can change the tick display with plt.xticks() and use the format r'$...$' to use latex:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
plt.figure(figsize=(3, 3)) 

plt.plot(range(10, 1000), range(10, 1000))
plt.xticks([0, 200, 600, 1000],
           [r'$0$', r'$2 \cdot 10^{2}$', r'$6 \cdot 10^{2}$', r'$1 \cdot 10^{3}$'])
plt.tick_params(axis='x', labelsize=8)
plt.tick_params(axis='y', labelsize=8)
plt.show()