I have try with the Docker Desktop 4.37.1 (178610).

And with your command i have this result :

docker pull mcr.microsoft.com/azure-storage/azurite
Using default tag: latest
latest: Pulling from azure-storage/azurite
1207c741d8c9: Pull complete
854bbbc098b2: Pull complete
d30ccb81ed57: Pull complete
74a11634af6c: Pull complete
54206864b362: Pull complete
50a691c5108d: Pull complete
c1a537154c77: Pull complete
0eba5b1d04af: Pull complete
8138bbd44987: Pull complete
453690f47a16: Pull complete
Digest: sha256:2628ee10a72833cc344b9d194cd8b245543892b307d16cf26a2cf55a15b816af
Status: Downloaded newer image for mcr.microsoft.com/azure-storage/azurite:latest
mcr.microsoft.com/azure-storage/azurite:latest

What's next:
    View a summary of image vulnerabilities and recommendations → docker scout quickview mcr.microsoft.com/azure-storage/azurite

What is your version of docker ? And, your image container have many vulnerabilities, i don't recommand you to use it. Perhaps, an issue with your DNS ?