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I can't explain why special character requests break only if a body is passed. This is probably a bug.
I'd like to describe a workaround. First what happens:
Client (e.g. Postman) sends UTF-8 "Städte". The UTF-8 byte stream of "Städte" is send: 53 74 c3 a4 64 74 65 (UTF-8 "ä" needs 2 bytes: c3 a4!) For some reasons ASP.NET Core MVC assumes codepage 8859-1 (Latin-1) and not UTF-8 in URI: so 53 74 c3 a4 64 74 65 becomes "Städte". For requests with bodies only!