I want to provide additional information about this, in case someone else runs into this issue.

While I still don't know the cause, I found that changing the production optimization settings in angular.json fixes the issue, or at least avoids it. Previously, I simply has optimization:true. Here are the settings I am now using:

 "optimization": {
                                "scripts": true,
                                "styles": {
                                    "minify": true,
                                    "inlineCritical": false
                                },
                                "fonts": true
                            },