Since this question shows up for general usage of uploading files to Azure, not just for OP's on-prem special use case, I found that just using scp is much easier than using Google Drive or Azure File Share.

scp -i path/to/your/sshkey.pem path/to/your/localfile username@[YOUR_VM_PUBLIC_IP]:/destination/path/on/vm

For example:

scp -i ~/sshkey.pem ./server-binary-release.zip [email protected]:/home/azureuser/