I've tried adjusting the docker-php-ext-configure arguments without success.

Well certainly there is nothing we can do here, right?

Has something changed in how GD is configured in PHP 8.2, or is there a compatibility issue with Alpine's libraries?

Obviously the configuration as the version number has changed. PHPs' minor version is a major release.

Furthermore, you obviously have a compatibility issue with your container configuration. So a clear yes to the whole conditions of the question.

Note thought that others don't have that. Again, it does not look like there is anything we can do here, right?

Any suggestions to resolve this?

As others are not able to reproduce, it's hard to tell from the information in your question how you can resolve this.

We'd normally put the build under version control to manage the configuration, then build and test until green.

This is most often the easiest by starting the build instructions from scratch and practicing TCR (compare How Practicing TCR (Test && Commit || Revert) Reduces Batch Size (infoq.com)).