Please see the documentation on launch.json.

The attribute console defines what console should be used by the debugger, it could be, in particular, non-default integratedTerminal or externalTerminal. I tried those options — both terminals support terminal input.

However, the documentation says: Many debuggers support some of the following attributes. So, strictly speaking, it depends on a particular C/C++ debugger implementation you use, but I hope they all work with the terminals. Please give it a try and let me know if you have problems.