Not exactly an ideal solution, but adding the following target seems to work:
<Target Name="DisableStyleCop" BeforeTargets="CoreCompile">
<ItemGroup>
<Analyzer Remove="@(Analyzer)" Condition="'%(Filename)' == 'StyleCop.Analyzers' OR '%(Filename)' == 'StyleCop.Analyzers.CodeFixes'" />
</ItemGroup>
</Target>
Thanks to this answer for setting me on the right track.
This workaround would not be not needed if the referenced project had set PrivateAssets="all"
when referencing StyleCop. Whether or not this was an oversight or due to heavy-handed stylistic opinions is not clear.