It seems that there is no issue with the links, they work perfectly fine. I tested this on multiple different browsers, including Firefox on other machines, everything works perfectly fine.

Despite what other answers/comments claim, this works fine in Firefox and Chrome. You don't need to change settings or use an absolute path.

My issue seems to have been some settings or plugins in my browser that I have changed. Haven't figure out what those are yet, but the image links work normally.