I finally found the problem.

Since Flutter 3.29 (started since 3.27), the default renderer is Impeller instead of Skia.
When building the application, the logs show the following line:
Using the Impeller rendering backend (OpenGLES)

Impeller crashes on my device (I don't know the exact reasons), but it must be disabled:
In android\app\src\main\AndroidManifest.xml, add the following block in <application>:

<meta-data
android:name="io.flutter.embedding.android.EnableImpeller"
android:value="false" />