Same problem, but with PHP8.3 on Ubuntu 24.04.1 and managed to fix it with updating libgd3.

apt-get install libgd3

It updated from libgd3 2.3.3-9ubuntu5 to 2.3.3-12+ubuntu24.04.1+deb.sury.org+1

You can check library version with apt-cache policy libgd3

see issue for the refernce: https://github.com/oerdnj/deb.sury.org/issues/2183#issuecomment-2695764167