I found the issue. There was a history table that tracked changes to the table I was inserting into and had replicated the fields from the main table, with trigger that inserted all of the data from the main table row whenever a row is created, changed, or deleted. I had updated the character limit in the main table but not the history table, and so the triggered query to the history table was what was failing. I was able to update the history table to match the updated fields in the main table and the query went through successfully.