@Mohi provided the answer I was looking for with two different options.

for /F "delims=" %%I in ('dir "C:\setup.exe" /A-D-L /B /S 2^>nul') do cd /D "%%~dpI"

As you can see in the picture below, I started in the root of C:

The command returned output as it searched through all the folders under the starting point (only listing a couple in the below screenshot), then changed to the destination directory at the end:

for /F "delims=" %%I in ('dir "C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft\Edge\Application\setup.exe" /A-D-L /B /S 2^>nul') do cd /D "%%~dpI"

This is the command that fit my needs perfectly (Thank you @Mohi):

This command does not return any output as it searches through the directories, and changes to the destination when complete:

Thank you again to @Mohi for the suggestion and code.