Answering my questions for the benefit of others.

Ultimately, I could not get any of the Postgres installers to work. I tried a variety of techniques, but all failed. My best guess is that this machine has a ton of installs, like Node.js, three database systems (now 4), hyper-v, etc., and I suspect it is some unique configuration error unique to my machine.

In the original post, Daniel suggested a Docker image of it, and that's what I did. Of course, it will be a bit slower because of Docker, but at least it's installed, and I can access it using HeighSQL.