I was able to resolve the problem by creating a .NET MAUI project with Visual Studio 2022 Community instead of the CLI. I then added https://api.nuget.org/v3/index.json as a package source called "Nuget" in Tools > Nuget Package Manager > Package Manager Settings > Package Sources. I probably then restarted Visual Studio. I am not sure how to resolve this with the CLI by itself. I am able to build and run / test .NET MAUI applications now.

Edit: I just noticed the comment detailing how to accomplish this with the CLI. Thank you.