Some additional research and debugging of my app after reading @MarkRotteveel's "java.management"-comment, led me to this post with these comments by @life888888 . Turns out that adding the java.management-module resolved the exception posted in my update.
However, after that, I got a NamingException which got resolved by adding the java.naming-module to the module-info.java.
Caused by: java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: javax/naming/NamingException
But this lead to a GSSEexception:
Caused by: java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: org/ietf/jgss/GSSException
I added the java.security.jgss-module to the module-info.java accordingly.
In my case, the JGSS-Module is needed because I utilize javafx.concurrent.Task to make my database queries.
With all the right modules in place, I also don't need to load the DriverManager manually via Class.forName() as suggested by @MarkRotteveel in this comment.
My functioning module-info.java:
module MYAPP {
exports de.ron.application;
exports de.ron.csv_import_export;
exports de.ron.databaseutils;
exports de.ron.gui;
exports de.ron.gui.dialogs;
exports de.ron.tools;
opens de.ron.application to javafx.fxml;
opens de.ron.gui to javafx.fxml;
opens de.ron.gui.dialogs to javafx.fxml;
requires com.fasterxml.jackson.core;
requires com.fasterxml.jackson.databind;
requires java.desktop;
requires java.base;
requires java.management;
requires java.naming;
requires java.security.jgss;
requires transitive java.sql;
requires javafx.fxml;
requires transitive javafx.controls;
requires transitive javafx.graphics;
requires org.apache.commons.lang3;
requires org.apache.logging.log4j;
}
Thanks for helping me solve this problem. I appreciate it very much.