You can try using the "Invoke-Command" with the -Credential parameter

Reference: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/module/microsoft.powershell.core/invoke-command?view=powershell-7.5#-credential

If you can run it outside of Azure DevOps, maybe the best way to do that is to use an Azure App Function, with a Managed Identity (or System Identity).