As of June 2025, the latest gdb version provided by Homebrew is 16.3, running macOS Sonoma 14.7.5. When I try to debug an executable I still see the same behavior (just hangs after the new thread message), and when I kill the process I get the warning:

warning: unhandled dyld version (17)

The source code for 16.3 (solib-darwin.c) still has a max DYLD version of 15.