As far as I can tell, the linked page is inaccurate and Visual Studio does not actually query the compiler set by CMake for anything. When setting the intellisenseMode as described in the docs, that tells VS to use a proto-compiler built into Intellisense as the compiler for showing intellisense info.

Some evidence for this is when changing the intellisense mode to other values magically shows values for compilers that exist nowhere on my machine.

"intelliSenseMode": "linux-gcc-x64" shows this:

"intelliSenseMode": "linux-gcc-x86" shows this:

So in conclusion, this is just not possible. Microsoft, please stop lying about what your products actually do.