Right after commenting I actually figured this out. For people using the Azure Devops Xcode pipeline task (ver. 5.*), check your 'Advanced' settings

Once I unchecked the "Use xcpretty" option I could see all the build and build phase script output that I'm used to seeing locally. This includes the downstream CompileC failure errors that I was missing too

text tags: missing script build phase print output logs Xcode azure