You didn't mention your production requirements but there is nothing with using UV in production. In fact, it is recommended to use at least a dependency manager and virtual environments because the days where you maintain a requirements.txt file by hand. I'm sure Java has similar tools used to manage dependencies and upgrade libraries as you need fit.

"Is it good practice (in production)" really depends on your requirements in production and how they may differ from in development. UV and most python dependency managers allow you split dev dependencies so thought they are only installed in a developers environment.

It's actually good devops practice to mirror your prod and dev environments so I'd count it as a good thing that your environments are closer.