I would stick to the 12 factor app guidelines. Specifically have on mind:
So do not use any environment.properties. It will make unable you to run your old build application on new environment, without introducing given env.file and make it assembled into your application.
But honestly, I am searching for answer to you question also (from a technological point of view, how to do it). I am used for spring and its configuration, which does work nicely (can be set up by properties file inside application, outside of application; can be overridden by command line parameter, environment variable and even it can be loaded from zookeeper, consul and others...).
I wish, there is an equivalent way, how to do it in jakarta/java ee like this.