I found the root cause: it wasn’t an issue with my code, but with the Angular Google Maps wrapper.
The (mapDblclick) event was not being forwarded correctly for AdvancedMarkerElement. After I opened an issue on the Angular Components GitHub (https://github.com/angular/components/issues/31801), the team fixed it.
So if you’re hitting the same problem, just update to the latest version of @angular/google-maps and double-click events on map-advanced-marker will work as expected.