I ended up with four different formulas and a helper column created on the Data Points tab. Final formulas that work are highlighted in bright pink.

Returns unique courses for the selected student.

={"Last Progress Reported";arrayformula(VSTACK(iferror(sort(UNIQUE(FILTER('Data Points'!F2:F,'Data Points'!A2:A=B2,VSTACK('Data Points'!A2:A)<>"")),1,0)),""))}

Returns most recent data points for the selected student and the unique courses from the previous formula.

={"Overall Grade";arrayformula(ifNA(VLOOKUP($B$4&$G19:G&$B$2,sort('Data Points'!B2:L,11,false),9,false),""))}

={"% Complete (Count)";arrayformula(ifNA(VLOOKUP($B$4&$G19:G&$B$2,sort('Data Points'!B2:L,11,false),7,false),""))}

={"Date";arrayformula(ifNA(VLOOKUP($B$4&$G19:G&$B$2,sort('Data Points'!B2:L,11,false),11,false),""))}

I could not figure out how to combine all the formulas into one like I had orginally started with.