In Spring Framework, the @TransactionalEventListener(after_commit) annotation is used to trigger a listener only after a transaction has successfully committed. However, if an event is published after the transaction has already committed, the listener will not trigger because it is designed to respond only within the transaction context. Essentially, the listener is aware of events published during the transaction, and its after_commit phase ensures it executes only after a successful commit. If events are published outside this transactional scope, or asynchronously after the commit, the listener will not detect them. To ensure proper execution, events should be published within the transaction, and after_commit listeners should be used when actions are required only after a successful transaction.