As @Tsyvarev pointed out, the error indicates that arm-none-eabi-ar was not found, and I had not created a symlink for that. After creating a symlink for it in the same manner as the rest, I was able to use CMake successfully and build the project!

podman machine ssh %machine% sudo ln -s ~/arm-gnu-toolchain-14.3.rel1-x86_64-arm-none-eabi/bin/arm-none-eabi-ar /usr/bin/arm-none-eabi-ar

Note that the tools can be tested by calling them with the argument --version (eg: arm-none-eabi-gcc --version)