Chrome is not published as single monolithic APK file. Instead it is published a split APK, thus if you have one APK this isn't enough. If you install it the installed chrome version is incomplete and thus crashes.

Where did you got the Chrome APK from? If you download it from a third party site like ppkpure.com you get an xapk apkm or apks file which requires a special installer or unpack the file and install it using adb install-multiple <apk files>.

Before installing a new chrome app version clearing the chrome app data/cache is recommended.