I have solved this problem.

I still don't know why calling arecord with the device plughw:0,0 produced audio from the microphone at that time, however, first of all I recognized the real sound card(card 1, hence hw:1 or plughw:1), and also based on the previous answer from user @user31256271, I removed the setting of the internal buffer size and the data transfer period (I thought that in fact these are the values that I should work with when reading data: buffer size in bytes, etc.).