The 400 error indicates a bad request, meaning there's an issue with the data being sent to the server. Here's how you can debug and resolve it:

1.Check the API Key and see if is same as in your Firebase console under Project Settings > General > Web API Key

2.Verify that the email, password, and returnSecureToken fields are being sent correctly. Log the payload before making the HTTP request: console.log({ email, password, returnSecureToken: true });

3.Check if your Firebase project is set up to allow email/password authentication. Go to Firebase Console > Authentication > Sign-in Method. Enable “Email/Password”.

4.Inspect Server’s response by logging it to console : catchError((error: HttpErrorResponse) => {

• console.error('Error response:', error);
• return this.handleError(error);
• })

5.Use browser dev tools (Network tab) to inspect the actual request being sent. Ensure the request body matches Firebase’s Api requirements.

6.Use Curl command and check if it is also returning the same response. curl -X POST
-H "Authorization: Bearer YOUR_API_KEY"
-H "Content-Type: application/json"
https://identitytoolkit.googleapis.com/v1/accounts:signInWithPassword?key=YOUR_API_KEY
-d '{ "email": "[email protected]", "password": "your_password" }'

I’m using my company phone and I think the company owner is watching me and listening to me all the?! how do I know that he is and if he is how do I go about stop him from listening watching me

thank you for the time you have taken to help me. It was a Friday that stuck with me to find out the solution. this Monday fresh morning, fresh mind gave an easy solution to my existing code.

all I have to use is "SelectData" instead of "ExecuteScalarAsync" that is returning multiple values as a tuple post SQL insert query.

return await dbHelper.SelectData<(int, string)>(sqlQuery.ToString(), paramSearch).ConfigureAwait(false);

Thanks

It got fixed, just ask for a ap review and everything will start working

<button class="btn btn-primary" (click)="goHome();" class="clickable" routerLink="/home">Home</button>

goHome() {
    this.router.navigateByUrl('/home',{replaceUrl:true})
}

There is now a Set.prototype.intersection function. See mdn: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Set/intersection

// Lets say you have 2 arrays
const arr1 = [1,3,5,7,9,1];
const arr2 = [1,4,9,1,9];

//convert them to Sets
const set1 = new Set(arr1);
const set2 = new Set(arr2);

console.log(set2.intersection(set1)); // Set(2) { 1, 9 }

I'm also facing the same issue, I have successfully installed the Theme its Orritech-IT solutions from Envato Market. And installed the pre requisite plugins as it mentioned and imported the demo. But in the wordpress website it doesn't shows the demo site.

The website image I have shared below: [1]: https://i.sstatic.net/UMnn0AED.jpg

The demo theme is shared below: 2. https://demo.bravisthemes.com/orritech/

Could you please share how you resolved this issue? As you mentioned this issue 8 months ago, i hope you tackled this issue!

Thanks in Advance!

There's a dropdown box that when you press it, it gives you the option of suppressing warnings. It's located here:

I was facing this issue because I had created alias for python and python3 in .zshrc. Once I removed those I had no problems and the correct python path ( the .venv one ) was considered.

I used Context Api for storing the data because other options are easy to breach into personal informatation of site users

MvcJsonOptions was removed in .NET Core 3.0 and is not available in versions newer than 2.2 See the "Applies to"-Table: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/microsoft.aspnetcore.mvc.mvcjsonoptions?view=aspnetcore-2.2#applies-to

In case you are using Swashbuckle, this thread suggested updating to the newest Swashbuckle version should help: 'Could not load type 'Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc.MvcJsonOptions' from assembly 'Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc.Formatters.Json, Version=3.0.0.0

I've solved this problem by asking someone face to face. The main problem is debugger configuration(Qt Creator->preference->debugger, not suitable for Mac) and terrible file direction(it has non-ASCII characters in it). Thanks.

use null coalesce

int? x = null
var y = x ?? 0

Thanks you anonymous IT23S student!

Thanks to kris, this solved the problem

  public function user(): BelongsTo
    {
        return $this->belongsTo(User::class, 'model_id');
    }

override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
    super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
    setContentView(R.layout.activity_second) // Ensure this matches your layout file name
}

i've not seen 'Next [object]' at the bottom of a next loop in VBS, just 'Next'. maybe 'Next NR' and 'Next Cell' should just be 'Next'.

cant say without seeing your data, really.

InStr([text], [search], 1) is case insensitive, btw, should that be part of your issue.

if you are adding a static page , add this in your code await microsoftTeams.app.initialize(); and the error will go.. I was going tru the same error and it is fixed with this. Dont forget to include this also https://res.cdn.office.net/teams-js/2.30.0/js/MicrosoftTeams.min.js

The files of the file upload are avaiable at _files property instead of files. This should show the values.

  <ng-template pTemplate="content">
    <ul *ngIf="uploader.files">
      <li *ngFor="let file of uploader._files"> <!--  changed here! -->
        <img
          src="/assets/images/pdfimage.png"
        />
        {{ file.name }}
      </li>
    </ul>
  </ng-template>

Related Answers with Working Examples:

In the (onRemove) function of a p-fileUpload, is it possible to get a list of the remaining files?

https://stackoverflow.com/questions/79246000/in-the-onremove-function-of-a-p-fileupload-is-it-possible-to-get-a-list-of-th

Can I ask you for the stats.txt analysis that both gem5 & Ramulator2 generate?

I am currently caring this issue.

I hope this help you out

https://github.com/icapps/plugins/tree/565012be9017a552296e4169537e5c0098b6f288/packages/video_player/video_player

In production __dirname will resolve to the ASAR. To combat this, use app.getAppPath() if the app is packaged:

const { app } = require('electron');

const rootPath = app.isPackaged ? app.getAppPath() : __dirname;

just remove the async from your script tag and it should work

I can't a comment because my reputation score is still low but the difference between the two:

lsof -i is for monitoring applications or processes that are responsible for specific connections or open ports. It can also be used for investigating malwares and unknown processes. While ss is used for real-time monitoring active connections on your network.

You could use lsof -i if your trying to find a source of a malware that somehow have gotten in your system.

I found this on Github, hope it helps.

Based on the error you're encountering with Expo and Clerk authentication, this is a known issue with CAPTCHA in non-browser environments like Expo/React Native. The "Missing CAPTCHA token" error occurs because Clerk's bot protection feature is not supported in mobile environments. To resolve this, you'll need to disable bot protection in your Clerk Dashboard. Go to User & Authentication > Attack Protection and turn off the Bot sign-up protection. This should resolve the CAPTCHA token error and allow authentication to work properly in your Expo application.

The Exec-Shield can no longer be managed via sysctl, it is enabled by default with no option to disable. In older systems the kernel.exec-shield key had a value of 1 to enable it and 0 to disable it. To know if your CPU support NX protection you could do

FIELD-SYMBOL is faster than INTO DATA because FIELD-SYMBOL does not copy any row into a working area before updating the internal table. FS is storing the location of the records so we can update the data instantly. Here's the comparation between FIELD-SYMBOL and INTO DATA

Can you tell me from where you get app_id ?

It's almost 5 years ago I think is already solved, now I am asking where we can download this theme? I want use it for my vending internet cafe using coin acceptor as a screen locked.

The last line of the file was empty, so [a, b] was destructuring to ["",undefined]. I just added a filter.

const coordinateListString = await Deno.readTextFile("input.txt");

let aSetBCoordinateList = coordinateListString
  .split("\n")
  .filter(line => line !== "")
  .map(str => str.split("   "))
  .map(([a,b]) => [new Set([...a].map(Number)), b.split("")]);

Here’s how you fix it follow the tutorial: https://www.brendanmulhern.blog/posts/make-your-own-ai-chatbot-website-with-next-js-and-openai.

right, so let me answer my own question

theres miscommunication about the workspace id, it seems that the workspace on both environtment (release and test) have the same workspace id, BUT to use the test env, you can't manually add the _DEBUG behind the workspace id, it only applicable for API access for manual hit

so if you want to use the TEST env, you need to build the app in debug mode, if you build it in release mode, it'll use the MoEngage live env

According to Slack's API documentation, oauth.v2.access does not support JSON payloads, although most other endpoints do. You must send application/x-www-form-urlencoded.

redis database is right?

// try it use 0;

keys *

**Custom Server Users:**
 If your app uses a custom server for push notifications:

• Update the server's Trust Store to include the new USERTrust RSA Certification Authority certificate.
• Ensure it also retains the old certificate until the transition is complete.

Third-Party Services (e.g., Firebase, OneSignal):

• Confirm that the service provider (like Firebase) is updating their systems to include the new certificate.
• Test push notifications in the sandbox environment after January 20, 2025, to ensure everything works.

For Reference:-Apple push notification

Better to use Filter function with multiple filter clauses put together by multiplying the conditions.

If the bands are defined in Table "BandDef" with columns [Band Start], [Band End] and [Band Name], and the value in the main table (say transaction level table where the band needs to be determined - table named "Transactions") is in column [Value],

then the formula would simply be as follows:

= Filter(BandDef[Band Name], ([Transactions@[Value]]>=BandDef[Band Start]) * ([Transactions@[Value]]<=BandDef[Band End]), "Apt error message for Band not found")

The same thing can be done without the table constructs by using usual ranges for cells and columns, but I personally like the excel Tables so much better.

14 years later and this bug is still there. ^%$#@! Microsoft!

For me repairing VS didn't help, but simply using "Rebuild Solution" instead of "Build" did.

For AWS Lambda, this refers to the completion of an asynchronous operation type build.

Skip with Promise:

export const FunctionName = async (event: APIGatewayProxyEventHeaders): Promise<any> => ({})

just go on https://yt-playlist-len-calc.onrender.com/ and put the link of playlist in search box

Have you found the solution for this problem?

For each axis, set the range like this maybe will be useful.But I don't know the reason. m_surfaceGraph->axisX()->setRange(-1, SIZE + 1);

Another possible way is to use the transform prop and pass the scale

Here is an example

<G>
<Path
     transform={height < 150 ? "scale(1, 0.65)" : undefined}       
      d="..." />
</G>

Also please note you may need to add preserveAspectRatio="xMinYMax" to your svg

• It's taking more time to upload and can't upload more items at a time
• It's expensive that to pay fee for RITES inspection every time
• It's burden for micro entrepreneurs
• In many Tenders the specifications are favourable to the Large Scale Industries only
• Not Exempting the EMD for the MSME units
• Reservation that to purchase from MSME units are not following

Request that to judge & help MSME units

It actually did come up in the discussion to create an equivalent of require.context for javascript/esm. As commented here, they took the opportunity to improve the API by having it take an object instead of many arguments.

If you want to preserve the timezone, you will need a timezone package, because the standard DateTime does not have it.

However, you can use the normal DateTime with UTC and use a package I created to parse many formats https://pub.dev/packages/any_date

See my comment here: https://stackoverflow.com/a/78357473/7128868

You still need to think about ambiguous cases, such as 01/02/03, which can be 2 Jan or 1 Feb depending on American format or not, for example.

But the package will help you with that as well.

This should be the defacto answer: No but there are official examples. Here is the README to their Go example: https://github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go/blob/main/example/service/s3/sync/README.md

According to me the solution of this problem wrong django type hint is.

Check your imports: Make sure QuerySet is correctly imported from Django. Update type hints: Use QuerySet[YourModel] for proper type annotations. Verify your Django stubs: Install or update django-stubs if using mypy for type checking. This should solve the problem with PyCharm's type hint recognition.

const path = require('path')

Just add the code in the head of the code

If you are using third party services like Firebase or OneSignal, then You don't have need to do anything in your app side... Firebase and OneSignal will update the certificate on their end.

I can't guarantee that this was the reason, but it fixed it when I did it, so I guess that qualifies it as an answer. Most *.xml files (including the layout files in the layout component of the resources) have the following as the first line:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

However, once I removed this from the attrs.xml, colors.xml, strings.xml & styles.xml files in the values directory of the resources, everything seemed to work (the resources were regenerated & I was able to access the resources from the projects that referenced them). This didn't fix the CS8700 Multiple analyzer… error mentioned in my original post, but I don't think they were ever really related anyway, so that's probably better for another question. I did not remove this line from any other *.xml files (only from files with a root tag of <resources>). I don't know why this fixed it, but hopefully it will fix it for everyone else as well. Good luck!

Circumvent the EMA calculation accuracy problem by building my own DataFeed class

    # Retrieve all tags from the source file system with pagination
    all_tags = []
    next_token = None

    while True:
        response = efs_client.list_tags_for_resource(
            ResourceId=source_file_system_id,
            MaxResults=100,
            NextToken=next_token
        )
        all_tags.extend(response["Tags"])
        next_token = response.get("NextToken")
        if not next_token:
            break

    # Optionally add or overwrite the 'Name' tag with NewFileSystemName
    if new_file_system_name:
        all_tags = [tag for tag in all_tags if tag["Key"] != "Name"]  # Remove existing 'Name' tag, if any
        all_tags.append({"Key": "Name", "Value": new_file_system_name})

    # Apply the tags to the target file system
    efs_client.tag_resource(
        ResourceId=target_file_system_id,
        Tags=all_tags
    )

Restart Android Studio after the changes, and restart the system as well, as sometimes it takes a system restart for Environment variables to take effect.

If not explicitly calling purchase (e.g. when relying on SwiftUI), use the Transaction.updates async sequence.

https://developer.apple.com/documentation/storekit/transaction/updates#Discussion

I found the reason: I manually linked a so file in ClangSharpPInvokeGenerator 's appopriate folder, which is suggested by the ClangSharpPInvokeGenerator document on github.

So what I had to do to send the commands was the following:

import pyautogui

#sends ctrl + s
pyautogui.hotkey('ctrl', 's')

#presses enter
time.sleep(0.5)
pyautogui.press('enter')

The splice function returns a deleted element or an empty array The unshift function return value is array length

Maybe,you can change this code

if (index > -1) {
  console.log('index', index);
  advantages.splice(index, 1);
  console.log('advantages', advantages.length);
  advantages.unshift(type);
  console.log('advantages', advantages.length);
  this.setPurchaseAdvantages(advantages);
}

Both of these functions can change the original array, so you don't need to create a new array to operate

try .contentShape(customShape).

When you put the cursor on terminal and press ctrl + C, you can see that your program enter a dead loop:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "e:\KEI\python_scripts\demo.py", line 4, in <module>
    while loop < 2:
          ^^^^^^^^
KeyboardInterrupt

So the correct loop body should be in your def MathOnYourOwn() and you need to add a Restriction for 'loop'

enter image description here

enter image description here

In js, you can't set window to null, which causes an error.

Perhaps you can turn off code prompts by setting the configuration

Having the same issue but dont really know what to do, all the issue started when we added firebase into the project

I think there are two problems with your code, first, your function is defined inside the while loop, so you can't get the function outside the body of the loop, and second, your loop does not change the loop, there should be a +1 operation in the loop, otherwise it is a dead loop

I don't know what you want to do with this code, maybe you can change your function, think about why the function definition is in the loop, and then optimize your code

Visual Basic Solution

Request.QueryString.GetValues(vbNullString).Contains("test")

Although @Joe's answer is the correct answer, it doesn't account for VB.net programmers. The VB issue with @Joe's [correct] answer is that it yields an error at the "GetValues(null)" section. vbNullString alleviates the issue.

Additional Note

ClientQueryString.Contains("test")

might solve your problem (it did for me). Please know, though, that this solution has its pitfalls.

Summary for VB Programmers

Either of these will [probably] get the job done for you:

1. Request.QueryString.GetValues(vbNullString).Contains("test")
2. ClientQueryString.Contains("test")

I would've added this as a comment, but I don't have enough reputation points (43 out of 50)

I am currently making a voice chat program and having similar problem with you. I know its being long year ago but if you still have codes for Voice chat, can you share it to me...?

I have the same issues and I am using ingress NGINX controller instead of the default GKE controller.

Turn out this is due to the ingress NGINX controller not running as DaemonSet in those nodes, wherever the controller is running, the nodes will show OK.

Solved.

Simple solution, you only need to implement this validation into the tagHelper:

var modelState = ViewContext?.ViewData.ModelState;
    if (modelState != null
        && For != null
        && modelState.TryGetValue(For.Name, out ModelStateEntry? entry)
        && entry.Errors.Count > 0)
    {
        validation.InnerHtml.Append(unencoded: entry.Errors[0].ErrorMessage);
    }

Ended up finding a workaround to this problem, which was to use the built in 'shadow' functionality in the makeIcon() function to combine the pin and icon into a singular icon.

Example below:

syringe = makeIcon(
  iconUrl = https://www.svgrepo.com/show/482909/syringe.svg,
  iconWidth = 30,
  iconHeight = 20, 
  iconAnchorY = 35,
  iconAnchorX = 15,
  shadowUrl = https://www.svgrepo.com/show/512650/pin-fill-sharp-circle-634.svg,
  shadowWidth = 50,           
  shadowHeight = 40,          
  shadowAnchorY = 40,         
  shadowAnchorX = 20,
  popupAnchorX = 0.1,
  popupAnchorY = -40
)

Went from Intel to Apple Silicon mac, using migration assistant, need to reinstall the platform tools to update ADB.

I am using Jetpack Compose with NavHost for navigation, and I am experiencing a performance issue when switching screens. The UI takes around 7 seconds to render and fully display the new screen after a navigation transition. This delay in screen rendering is quite noticeable, and I'm looking for potential causes and optimization suggestions to improve the performance.

Try to remove the \n character from the html source codes like below

confluence.update_page(page_id=api_page_id, title=API_PAGE_TITLE, body=html_codes.replace('\n',''), parent_id=None, type='page', representation='storage', minor_edit=False, full_width=False)

It all depends on what your use case is.

Firstly, ngModel supports Two-way binding with [()] syntax, meaning youre able to sync the value in the view to the component and vice versa. While template referenced variables allows only One-way access (read-only).

Another advantage ngModel has over template referenced variables, is that it supports form validation features, while with template referenced variables, it only allows manual validation.

Were you successful in finding an answer ? I'm facing the same issue.

If you need a JS library for json to json transformation, check out mappingutils, which I recently wrote. It supports JSONPath syntax for easy mapping. For a more mature alternative, you might also explore jsonata.

This discrepancy is likely because the package-lock.json or previously cached modules contain versions that conflict with your intended updates or installations.

Why is this happening?

1. Cached Node Modules:

   • npm install uses the existing node_modules and package-lock.json.
   • If there are version conflicts between dependencies in package-lock.json and your local environment, errors occur.

2. Project Initialization Differences:

   • npm init playwright@latest sets up a fresh project environment every time, automatically fetching and resolving the correct dependencies.
   • This means it ignores the previous cache or package-lock.json, ensuring a clean installation.

3. Node Version Incompatibility:

   • Playwright and many packages have dependencies that work best with specific Node.js versions.
   • Your npm init playwright@latest even warns about the Node version incompatibility but still manages to work because it creates a fresh environment.

Solution

1. Clear Cache

First, clear the npm cache to ensure no remnants of old installations remain.

npm cache clean --force

2. Delete Old Files

Remove the node_modules folder and package-lock.json to get a clean slate.

rm -rf node_modules package-lock.json

If you're on Windows (PowerShell):

rm -r node_modules
rm package-lock.json

3. Reinstall Dependencies

Run npm install to reinstall the dependencies fresh.

npm install

4. Update Rollup (If Applicable)

If Rollup version issues persist, manually install the correct version:

npm install rollup@latest --save-dev

Or, if you need a specific version:

npm install [email protected] --save-dev

5. Verify Node Version Compatibility

Check your Node version and upgrade it if necessary.

node -v
npm -v

If you find the Node version is outdated, upgrade it using NVM:

nvm install 20  # Or whichever version you'd prefer
nvm use 20

Then, reinstall npm:

npm install -g npm

6. Clean Project Installation (Recommended)

As a last resort, recreate the project setup:

npm init playwright@latest -- --ct

Here's an example of how to achieve what you want with only HTML & CSS.

:root
{
  --data-indent: 0;
  --data-indent-size: 20px;
}

.indent
{
  --data-indent: 1;
}

.indent:before
{
  content: "";
  padding-left: calc( var(--data-indent) * var(--data-indent-size) );
}

<p>No indent class.</p>
<p class="indent">Simple indent class.</p>
<p class="indent" style="--data-indent: 2">Double indent style.</p>
<p class="indent" style="--data-indent: 3">Tripple indent style.</p>

If you're using an XFS file system, the correct command to extend the file system is

sudo xfs_growfs -d /

This will grow the XFS file system to use the maximum available space on the partition.

Maybe you can try going over this article:

Supabase Auth in Remix Web Application

This was the exact same problem I was facing.

@Wolf_cola, can you provide pointers on how to go about actually training the model to classify the dataframe with a label? Would a random forest classifier work?

I unfortunately do not have enough credits to comment so needed to write an answer.

Thanks in advance.

Did you resolve this? I'm facing the same issue submitting a phone number for a mobile money payment method.

$.Order.Product.(Price + Quantity) ~> $sum()

Playground link: https://jsonatastudio.com/playground/f2c385d1

_{Recreating a deleted answer.}

Simply right click on the project (or files) with the red icon and include it back into source control:

The new way of fixing this is by installing the Nvidia Container Toolkit as nvidia-docker is now deprecated.

Installation instructions here: https://docs.nvidia.com/datacenter/cloud-native/container-toolkit/latest/install-guide.html#installation

One more thing, If you're running Docker Desktop and it does not pick up the new runtime even after install and running

sudo nvidia-ctk runtime configure --runtime=docker - This command edits the config file used by the daemon

and then restarting docker, you have the option of manually adding the runtime via the settings in the GUI under Docker Engine

The config you need to append here is:

"runtimes": {
    "nvidia": {
        "args": [],
        "path": "nvidia-container-runtime"
    }
}

You must add the www. to custom domain in your Cloudflare Pages configuration.

this error is the same as "list index out of range" - your list's (or whatever it could be) size is shorter than 3

If you need to track users' behavior and interactions with website A and website B, you may consider Stape's Cookie reStore tag for the server Google Tag Manager.

This tag can store user identifiers and their cookies in Firebase and restore them when you need.

There are no restrictions on the type of user identifier (you can use as an identification email or user ID in the CRM, cookie, etc.)

You can check more info on the tag and how it works in this article: https://stape.io/blog/server-side-cross-domain-tracking-using-cookie-restore-tag

You can try going over this article: https://medium.com/@almina.brulic/supabase-auth-in-remix-react-router-7-web-application-f6dc9a63806c

you can split the table and then render the document with two columns like this:

---
title: "My Table"
format: pdf
    
---

```{r}
#| echo: false
#| warning: false
#| layout-ncol: 2 # leave this part, if you want your subtables below each other :)

library(tidyverse)
library(gt)

ten_wide <- tribble(
  ~a, ~b, ~c, ~d, ~e, ~f, ~g, ~h, ~i, ~j,
  "alpha", "bravo", "charlie", "delta", "echo", "foxtrot", "gulf", "hotel", "india", "juliet",
  "alpha", "bravo", "charlie", "delta", "echo", "foxtrot", "gulf", "hotel", "india", "juliet",
)

gt(ten_wide[, 1:5]) 
gt(ten_wide[, 6:10])

```

which generates:

I had a similar issue, solved it by passing in the tenant ID during the auth flow:

var credential = new InteractiveBrowserCredential(new InteractiveBrowserCredentialOptions
{
    TenantId = "252eb33e-4433-4023-a574-9771bb4e6983"
});

Check this answer regarding configuring ZRAM which should allow the build to succeed: Is it possible to build AOSP on 32GB RAM?

Also consider using a docker build environment that is already known to successfully build AOSP, see: Unable to compile AOSP source code on Ubuntu 24.04 system

list,sets,dictionaries and tuples are considered as both data type and data structure because they are pre-define classes with specific type. On the other hand stack, queue, etc are considered as abstract data structures they define behaviors(LIFO or FIFO) like stack donot have built-in stack data type but it can be implemented through list etc

What caused this error for me:

1. Any echo, print, or var_dump statements before the mPDF instance is used.
2. Error messages or warnings being displayed before mPDF starts processing.

Since you are seeing the error chances are you are displaying errors and warnings. Turn that off

@Topaco Thank you for your detailed description and usage. However, I'm getting the red squiggly at (byte[] nonce = nonceCiphertextTag[..nonceSize];) and (byte[] ciphertextTag = nonceCiphertextTag[nonceSize..];). I see you said, separate nonce and ciphertextTag but I'm not getting this. What should this be?

Also, encrypt System.ArgumentException at:

            gcmBlockCipher.Init(true, new AeadParameters(new KeyParameter(key), 128, nonce, aad));

Presumably, Desmos uses the marching squares algorithm to plot graphs of implicit functions like this.

Use a wrapper instead of setting it into the :root like so.
Found on this reddit post.
https://www.reddit.com/r/css/comments/i9kkiw/scroll_snap_bug_chrome_on_mac/.

.wrapper {
  scroll-snap-type: y mandatory;
  max-height: 100vh;
  overflow: scroll;
}

body {
  padding: 0;
  margin: 0;
}

code {
  background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);
  padding: 0.2em;
}

li {
  line-height: 2em;
}

.hero,
.footer {
  scroll-snap-align: start;
  box-sizing: border-box;
  padding: 40px 32px;
}

.hero {
  background-color: #daf;
  height: 100svh;
}

.footer {
  background-color: #afd;
  height: 260px;
}

<div class="wrapper">
    <div class="hero">
      <strong>Steps to reproduction:</strong>
      <ol>
        <li>Open page in Google Chrome (possibly only in MacOS)</li>
        <li>
          <code>&lt;html&gt;</code> with CSS
          <code>scroll-snap-type:y mandatory</code>
        </li>
        <li>
          <code>&lt;body&gt;</code> has 2 children, each with CSS
          <code>scroll-snap-align:start</code>
        </li>
        <li>Scroll up and down document (scroll-snapping works)</li>
        <li>From top of document, scroll further up (using trackpad)</li>
        <li>
          (alternatively) From bottom of document, scroll further down (using
          trackpad)
        </li>
      </ol>
  
      <br /><strong>Expected results:</strong><br />
      <ul>
        <li>
          The scroll-viewport is allowed to go beyond the document’s
          scroll-boundary (relative to scrolling-velocity) but should bounce
          back to the scroll-boundary right after.
        </li>
      </ul>
  
      <br /><strong>Actual results:</strong><br />
      <ul>
        <li>
          The scroll-viewport allows scrolling beyond the document’s
          scroll-boundary and does not bounce back to the scroll-boundary.
        </li>
      </ul>
  
      <br />
      (bug observed in Google Chrome 131.0.6778.86 on MacOS)
    </div>
    <div class="footer"></div>
  </div>

As noted by @Botje in a comment, the issue was with the construction of the Uint8Array, where the source was continually being overwritten at the beginning, and the rest of the array was empty.

So instead of:

  for (const x of arrayOfUInt8Array) {
    uInt8Array.set(x);
  }

I needed:

  let i = 0;
  let currentIndex = 0;
  for (const x of arrayOfUInt8Array) {
    uInt8Array.set(x, currentIndex)
    currentIndex += arrayOfUInt8Array[i].length
    i += 1
  }

Low-Level Implementation of volatile: Bytecode and Machine Instructions

This article represents the final piece of a broader exploration into the volatile modifier in Java. In Part 1, we examined the origins and semantics of volatile, providing a foundational understanding of its behavior. Part 2 focused on addressing misconceptions and delving into memory structures.

Now, in this conclusive installment, we will analyze the low-level implementation details, including machine-level instructions and processor-specific mechanisms, rounding out the complete picture of volatile in Java. Let’s dive in.

Exploring the Bytecode for volatile Fields

One common assumption among developers is that the volatile modifier in Java introduces specialized bytecode instructions to enforce its semantics. Let’s examine this hypothesis with a straightforward experiment.

Experimental Setup

I created a simple Java file named VolatileTest.java containing the following code:

public class VolatileTest {
    private volatile long someField;
}

Here, a single private field is declared as volatile. To investigate the bytecode, I compiled the file using the Java compiler (javac) from the Oracle OpenJDK JDK 1.8.0_431 (x86) distribution and then disassembled the resulting .class file with the javap utility, using the -v and -p flags for detailed output, including private members.

Comparing Results

I performed two compilations: one with the volatile modifier and one without it. Below are the relevant excerpts of the bytecode for the someField variable:

With volatile:

  private volatile long someField;
    descriptor: J
    flags: ACC_PRIVATE, ACC_VOLATILE

Without volatile:

  private long someField;
    descriptor: J
    flags: ACC_PRIVATE

The only difference is in the flags field. The volatile modifier adds the ACC_VOLATILE flag to the field’s metadata. No additional bytecode instructions are generated.

Hexadecimal Analysis

To explore further, I examined the compiled .class files using a hex editor (ImHex Hex Editor). The binary contents of the two files were nearly identical, differing only in the value of a single byte in the access_flags field, which encodes the modifiers for each field.

For the someField variable:

• With volatile: 0x0042
• Without volatile: 0x0002

The difference is due to the bitmask for ACC_VOLATILE, defined as 0x0040. This demonstrates that the presence of the volatile modifier merely toggles the appropriate flag in the access_flags field.

Modifiers and Flags

The access_flags field is a 16-bit value that encodes various field-level modifiers. Here’s a summary of relevant flags:

Implications

The volatile keyword’s presence in the bytecode is entirely represented by the ACC_VOLATILE flag. This flag is a single bit in the access_flags field. This minimal change emphasizes that there is no "magic" at the bytecode level—the entire behavior of volatile is represented by this single bit. The JVM uses this information to enforce the necessary semantics, without any additional complexity or hidden mechanisms.

x86 Processors and JVM Compatibility

Before diving into the low-level machine implementation of volatile, it is essential to understand which x86 processors this discussion pertains to and how these processors are compatible with the JVM.

Early JVM and x86 Support

When Java was first released, official support was limited to 32-bit architectures, as the JVM itself—known as the Classic VM from Sun Microsystems—was initially 32-bit. Early Java did not distinguish between editions like SE, EE, or ME; this differentiation began with Java 1.2. Consequently, the first supported x86 processors were those in the Intel 80386 family, as they were the earliest 32-bit processors in the architecture.

Intel 80386 processors, though already considered outdated at the time of Java's debut, were supported by operating systems that natively ran Java, such as Windows NT 3.51, Windows 95, and Solaris x86. These operating systems ensured compatibility with the x86 architecture and the early JVM.

Compatibility with Older x86 Processors

Interestingly, even processors as old as the Intel 8086, the first in the x86 family, could run certain versions of the JVM, albeit with significant limitations. This was made possible through the development of Java Platform, Micro Edition (Java ME), which offered a pared-down version of Java SE. Sun Microsystems developed a specialized virtual machine called K Virtual Machine (KVM) for these constrained environments. KVM required minimal resources, with some implementations running on devices with as little as 128 kilobytes of memory.

KVM's compatibility extended to both 16-bit and 32-bit processors, including those from the x86 family. According to the Oracle documentation in "J2ME Building Blocks for Mobile Devices," KVM was suitable for devices with minimal computational power:

"These devices typically contain 16- or 32-bit processors and a minimum total memory footprint of approximately 128 kilobytes."

Additionally, it was noted that KVM could work efficiently on CISC architectures such as x86:

"KVM is suitable for 16/32-bit RISC/CISC microprocessors with a total memory budget of no more than a few hundred kilobytes (potentially less than 128 kilobytes)."

Furthermore, KVM could run on native software stacks, such as RTOS (Real-Time Operating Systems), enabling dynamic and secure Java execution. For example:

"The actual role of a KVM in target devices can vary significantly. In some implementations, the KVM is used on top of an existing native software stack to give the device the ability to download and run dynamic, interactive, secure Java content on the device."

Alternatively, KVM could function as a standalone low-level system software layer:

"In other implementations, the KVM is used at a lower level to also implement the lower-level system software and applications of the device in the Java programming language."

This flexibility ensured that even early x86 processors, often embedded in devices with constrained resources, could leverage Java technologies. For instance, the Intel 80186 processor was widely used in embedded systems running RTOS and supported multitasking through software mechanisms like timer interrupts and cooperative multitasking.

Another example is the experimental implementation of the JVM for MS-DOS systems, such as the KaffePC Java VM. While this version of the JVM allowed for some level of Java execution, it excluded multithreading due to the strict single-tasking nature of MS-DOS. The absence of native multithreading in such environments highlights how certain Java features, including the guarantees provided by volatile, were often simplified, significantly modified, or omitted entirely. Despite this, as we shall see, the principles underlying volatile likely remained consistent with broader architectural concepts, ensuring applicability across diverse processor environments.

Implications for volatile

While volatile semantics were often simplified or omitted in these constrained environments, the core principles likely remained consistent with modern implementations. As our exploration will show, the fundamental ideas behind volatile behavior are deeply rooted in universal architectural concepts, making them applicable across diverse x86 processors.

Low-Level Solution to Reordering and Store Buffer Commit Issues

Finally, let’s delve into how volatile operations are implemented at the machine level. To illustrate this, we’ll examine a simple example where a volatile field is assigned a value. To simplify the experiment, we’ll declare the field as static (this does not influence the outcome).

public class VolatileTest {
    private static volatile long someField;

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        someField = 5;
    }
}

This code was executed with the following JVM options: -server -Xcomp -XX:+UnlockDiagnosticVMOptions -XX:+PrintAssembly -XX:CompileCommand=compileonly,VolatileTest.main

Experimental Setup and Execution Context

The test environment includes a dynamically linked hsdis library, enabling runtime disassembly of JIT-compiled code. The -Xcomp option forces the JVM to compile all code immediately, bypassing interpretation and allowing us to directly analyze the final machine instructions. The experiment was conducted on a 32-bit JDK 1.8, but identical results were observed across other versions and vendors of the HotSpot VM.

Here is the key assembly instruction generated for the putstatic operation targeting the volatile field:

0x026e3592: lock addl $0, (%esp)  ;*putstatic someField
                                  ; - VolatileTest::main@3 (line 5)

This instruction reveals the underlying mechanism for enforcing the volatile semantics during writes. Let’s dissect this line and understand its components.

Breaking Down the LOCK Prefix

The LOCK prefix plays a crucial role in ensuring atomicity and enforcing a memory barrier. However, since LOCK is a prefix and not an instruction by itself, it must be paired with another operation. Here, it is combined with the addl instruction, which performs an addition.

Why Use addl with LOCK?

• Neutral Operation: The addl instruction adds 0 to the value at the memory address stored in %esp. Adding 0 ensures that the operation does not alter the memory's actual contents, making it a non-disruptive and lightweight operation.
• Pointer to the Stack: %esp points to the top of the thread's stack, which is local to the thread and isolated from others. This ensures the operation is thread-safe and does not impact other threads or system-wide resources.
• Minimal Overhead: The combination of LOCK with a no-op arithmetic operation introduces minimal performance overhead while triggering the required side effects.

Key Properties of the Stack and %esp

The %esp register (or %rsp in 64-bit systems) serves as the stack pointer, dynamically pointing to the top of the local execution stack. Since the stack is strictly local to each thread, its memory addresses are unique across threads, ensuring isolation.

The use of %esp in this context is particularly advantageous:

1. Isolation: Stack memory is inherently private to a thread, preventing cross-thread interference.
2. Dynamic Adaptation: The stack pointer updates automatically as the stack grows or shrinks, simplifying memory management.
3. Safety: The use of the stack pointer guarantees that the memory being "locked" is not shared, reducing contention risks.

Achieving the volatile Semantics

The LOCK prefix ensures:

• Atomicity: No other thread or processor can access the specified memory region until the operation completes.
• A Full Memory Barrier: By default, LOCK enforces the strongest memory ordering guarantees, preventing any instruction reordering across the barrier.

This mechanism elegantly addresses the potential issues of reordering and store buffer commits, ensuring that all preceding writes are visible before any subsequent operations.

A Note on Read Operations

Interestingly, no memory barrier is required for volatile reads on x86 architectures. The x86 memory model inherently prohibits Load-Load reorderings, which are the only type of reordering that volatile semantics would otherwise prevent for reads. Thus, the hardware guarantees are sufficient without additional instructions.

Atomicity of Writes and Reads in volatile Fields

Now, let us delve into the most intriguing aspect: ensuring atomicity for writes and reads of volatile fields. For 64-bit JVMs, this issue is less critical since operations, even on 64-bit types like long and double, are inherently atomic. Nonetheless, examining how write operations are typically implemented in machine instructions can provide deeper insights.

Code Example

For simplicity, consider the following code:

public class VolatileTest {
    private static volatile long someField;

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        someField = 10;
    }
}

Assembly Analysis of Write Operations

Here’s the generated machine code corresponding to the write operation:

0x0000019f2dc6efdb: movabsq       $0x76aea4020, %rsi
                                            ;   {oop(a 'java/lang/Class' = 'VolatileTest')}
0x0000019f2dc6efe5: movabsq       $0xa, %rdi
0x0000019f2dc6efef: movq          %rdi, 0x20(%rsp)
0x0000019f2dc6eff4: vmovsd        0x20(%rsp), %xmm0
0x0000019f2dc6effa: vmovsd        %xmm0, 0x68(%rsi)
0x0000019f2dc6efff: lock addl     $0, (%rsp)  ;*putstatic someField
                                            ; - VolatileTest::main@3 (line 5)

At first glance, the abundance of machine instructions directly interacting with registers might seem unnecessarily complex. However, this approach reflects specific architectural constraints and optimizations. Let us dissect these instructions step by step:

Detailed Breakdown of Instructions

1. movabsq $0x76aea4020, %rsi

   This instruction loads the absolute address (interpreted as a 64-bit numerical value) into the general-purpose register %rsi. From the comment, we see this address points to the class metadata object (java/lang/Class) containing information about the class and its static members. Since our volatile field is static, its address is calculated relative to this metadata object.

   • This approach ensures uniform handling of positive and negative 64-bit values due to the two's complement representation. While this may not seem critical here, it establishes a consistent method for managing both signed and unsigned integers.

2. movabsq $0xa, %rdi

   Here, the immediate value 0xa (hexadecimal representation of 10) is loaded into the %rdi register. Since direct 64-bit memory writes using immediate values are prohibited in x86-64, this intermediate step is necessary.

3. movq %rdi, 0x20(%rsp)

   The value from %rdi is then stored on the stack at an offset of 0x20 from the current stack pointer %rsp. This transfer is required because subsequent instructions will operate on SIMD registers, which cannot directly access general-purpose registers.

4. vmovsd 0x20(%rsp), %xmm0

   This instruction moves the value from the stack into the SIMD register %xmm0. Although designed for floating-point operations, it efficiently handles 64-bit bitwise representations. The apparent redundancy here (loading and storing via the stack) is a trade-off for leveraging AVX optimizations, which can boost performance on modern microarchitectures like Sandy Bridge.

5. vmovsd %xmm0, 0x68(%rsi)

   The value in %xmm0 is stored in memory at the address calculated relative to %rsi (0x68 offset). This represents the actual write operation to the volatile field.

6. lock addl $0, (%rsp)

   The lock prefix ensures atomicity by locking the cache line corresponding to the specified memory address during execution. While addl $0 appears redundant, it serves as a lightweight no-op to enforce a full memory barrier, preventing reordering and ensuring visibility across threads.

Multiple Writes and Memory Barriers

Consider the following extended code:

public class VolatileTest {
    private static volatile long someField;

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        someField = 10;
        someField = 11;
        someField = 12;
    }
}

For this sequence, the compiler inserts a memory barrier after each write:

0x0000029ebe499bdb: movabsq       $0x76aea4070, %rsi
                                            ;   {oop(a 'java/lang/Class' = 'VolatileTest')}
0x0000029ebe499be5: movabsq       $0xa, %rdi
0x0000029ebe499bef: movq          %rdi, 0x20(%rsp)
0x0000029ebe499bf4: vmovsd        0x20(%rsp), %xmm0
0x0000029ebe499bfa: vmovsd        %xmm0, 0x68(%rsi)
0x0000029ebe499bff: lock addl     $0, (%rsp)  ;*putstatic someField
                                            ; - VolatileTest::main@3 (line 5)

0x0000029ebe499c04: movabsq       $0xb, %rdi
0x0000029ebe499c0e: movq          %rdi, 0x28(%rsp)
0x0000029ebe499c13: vmovsd        0x28(%rsp), %xmm0
0x0000029ebe499c19: vmovsd        %xmm0, 0x68(%rsi)
0x0000029ebe499c1e: lock addl     $0, (%rsp)  ;*putstatic someField
                                            ; - VolatileTest::main@9 (line 6)

0x0000029ebe499c23: movabsq       $0xc, %rdi
0x0000029ebe499c2d: movq          %rdi, 0x30(%rsp)
0x0000029ebe499c32: vmovsd        0x30(%rsp), %xmm0
0x0000029ebe499c38: vmovsd        %xmm0, 0x68(%rsi)
0x0000029ebe499c3d: lock addl     $0, (%rsp)  ;*putstatic someField
                                            ; - VolatileTest::main@15 (line 7)

Observations

• The lock addl instruction follows each write, ensuring proper visibility and preventing reordering.
• These barriers are mandatory and cannot be optimized away by the compiler due to the strict semantics of volatile.

In summary, the intricate sequence of operations underscores the JVM’s efforts to balance atomicity, performance, and compliance with the Java Memory Model.

For 32-Bit Systems: A Unique Challenge

When running the example code on a 32-bit JVM, the behavior differs significantly due to hardware constraints inherent to 32-bit architectures. Let’s dissect the observed assembly code:

0x02e837f0: movl        $0x2f62f848, %esi
                                        ;   {oop(a 'java/lang/Class' = 'VolatileTest')}
0x02e837f5: movl        $0xa, %edi
0x02e837fa: movl        $0, %ebx
0x02e837ff: movl        %edi, 0x10(%esp)
0x02e83803: movl        %ebx, 0x14(%esp)
0x02e83807: vmovsd      0x10(%esp), %xmm0
0x02e8380d: vmovsd      %xmm0, 0x58(%esi)
0x02e83812: lock addl   $0, (%esp)  ;*putstatic someField
                                        ; - VolatileTest::main@3 (line 5)

Register Constraints in 32-Bit Systems

Unlike their 64-bit counterparts, 32-bit general-purpose registers such as %esi and %edi lack the capacity to directly handle 64-bit values. As a result, long values in 32-bit environments are processed in two separate parts: the lower 32 bits ($0xa in this case) and the upper 32 bits ($0). Each part is loaded into a separate 32-bit register and later combined for further processing. This limitation inherently increases the complexity of ensuring atomic operations.

Atomicity Using SIMD Registers

Despite the constraints of 32-bit general-purpose registers, SIMD registers such as %xmm0 offer a workaround. The vmovsd instruction is used to load the full 64-bit value into %xmm0 atomically. The two halves of the long value, previously placed on the stack at offsets 0x10(%esp) and 0x14(%esp), are accessed as a unified 64-bit value during this operation. This highlights the JVM’s efficiency in leveraging modern instruction sets like AVX for compatibility and performance in older architectures.

For 32-Bit Systems: A More Intriguing Case

Let’s delve into the behavior of the same example but run on a 32-bit JVM. Below is the assembly output generated during execution:

0x02e837f0: movl        $0x2f62f848, %esi
                                    ;   {oop(a 'java/lang/Class' = 'VolatileTest')}
0x02e837f5: movl        $0xa, %edi
0x02e837fa: movl        $0, %ebx
0x02e837ff: movl        %edi, 0x10(%esp)
0x02e83803: movl        %ebx, 0x14(%esp)
0x02e83807: vmovsd      0x10(%esp), %xmm0
0x02e8380d: vmovsd      %xmm0, 0x58(%esi)
0x02e83812: lock addl   $0, (%esp)  ;*putstatic someField
                                    ; - VolatileTest::main@3 (line 5)

Here we see a similar unified approach to the 64-bit systems but driven more by necessity. In 32-bit systems, the absence of 64-bit general-purpose registers means the theoretical capabilities are significantly reduced.

Why Use LOCK Selectively?

In 32-bit systems, reads and writes are performed in two instructions rather than one. This inherently breaks atomicity, even with the LOCK prefix. While it might seem logical to rely on LOCK with its bus-locking capabilities, it is often avoided in such scenarios whenever possible due to its substantial performance impact.

To maintain a priority for non-blocking mechanisms, developers often rely on SIMD instructions, such as those involving XMM registers. In our example, the vmovsd instruction is used, which loads the values $0xa and $0 (representing the lower and upper 32-bit halves of the 64-bit long value) into two different 32-bit registers. These are then stored sequentially on the stack and combined atomically using vmovsd.

Simulating the Absence of AVX

What happens if the processor lacks AVX support? By disabling AVX explicitly (-XX:UseAVX=0), we simulate an environment without AVX functionality. The resulting changes in the assembly are:

0x02da3507: movsd       0x10(%esp), %xmm0 
0x02da350d: movsd       %xmm0, 0x58(%esi)

This highlights that the approach remains fundamentally the same. However, the vmovsd instruction is replaced with the older movsd from the SSE instruction set. While movsd lacks the performance enhancements of AVX and operates as a dual-operand instruction, it serves the same purpose effectively when AVX is unavailable.

When SSE is Unavailable

If SSE support is also disabled (-XX:UseSSE=0), the fallback mechanism relies on the Floating Point Unit (FPU):

0x02bc2449: fildll      0x10(%esp)
0x02bc244d: fistpll     0x58(%esi)

Here, the fildll and fistpll instructions load and store the value directly to and from the FPU stack, bypassing the need for SIMD registers. Unlike typical FPU operations involving 80-bit extended precision, these instructions ensure the value remains a raw 64-bit integer, avoiding unnecessary conversions.

The Challenge of Systems Without an FPU

For processors such as the Intel 80486SX or 80386 without integrated coprocessors, the situation becomes even more challenging. These processors lack native instructions like CMPXCHG8B (introduced in the Intel Pentium series) and 64-bit atomicity mechanisms. In such cases, ensuring atomicity requires software-based solutions, such as OS-level mutex locks, which are significantly heavier and less efficient.

Analyzing Reads from Volatile Fields

Finally, let’s examine the behavior during a read operation, such as when retrieving a value for display. The following assembly demonstrates the process:

0x02e62346: fildll      0x58(%ecx)
0x02e62349: fistpll     0x18(%esp)  ;*getstatic someField
                                    ; - VolatileTest::main@9 (line 7)

0x02e6234d: movl        0x18(%esp), %edi
0x02e62351: movl        0x1c(%esp), %ecx
0x02e62355: movl        %edi, (%esp)
0x02e62358: movl        %ecx, 4(%esp)
0x02e6235c: movl        %esi, %ecx  ;*invokevirtual println
                                    ; - VolatileTest::main@12 (line 7)

The read operation essentially mirrors the write process but in reverse. The value is loaded from memory (e.g., 0x58(%ecx)) into ST0, then safely written to the stack. Since the stack is inherently thread-local, this intermediate step ensures that any further operations on the value are thread-safe.

Conclusion and Acknowledgment

This comprehensive exploration highlights the JVM's remarkable adaptability in enforcing volatile semantics across a range of architectures and processor capabilities. From AVX and SSE to FPU-based fallbacks, each approach balances performance, hardware limitations, and atomicity.

Thank you for accompanying me on this deep dive into volatile. This analysis has answered many questions and broadened my understanding of low-level JVM implementations. I hope it has been equally insightful for you!

I used to have the exact same issue with 3.5 model. Upon some trial and error it appears that the use_auth_token argument might be already deprecated.

However I managed to resolve the issue by following steps here: https://stability.ai/learning-hub/setting-up-and-using-sd3-medium-locally

In particular I executed huggingface-cli login from the console with the same virtualenv as my jupyter runtime. It asks you to paste the token to console and confirm a few details. Upon restarting the runtime a plain command went withnout any issues:

pipe = diffusers.StableDiffusion3Pipeline.from_pretrained(
    "stabilityai/stable-diffusion-3.5-medium",
    torch_dtype=torch.bfloat16)